CPU是PLC的核心，起神經(jīng)中樞的作用，每套PLC至少有一個(gè)CPU，它按PLC的系統(tǒng)程序賦予的功能接收并存貯用戶程序和數(shù)據(jù)，用掃描的方式采集由現(xiàn)場(chǎng)輸入裝置送來(lái)的狀態(tài)或數(shù)據(jù)，并存入規(guī)定的寄存器中，同時(shí)，診斷電源和PLC內(nèi)部電路的工作狀態(tài)和編程過(guò)程中的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤等。進(jìn)入運(yùn)行后，從用戶程序存貯器中逐條讀取指令，經(jīng)分析后再按指令規(guī)定的任務(wù)產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的控制信號(hào)，去指揮有關(guān)的控制電路。
CPU主要由運(yùn)算器、控制器、寄存器及實(shí)現(xiàn)它們之間聯(lián)系的數(shù)據(jù)、控制及狀態(tài)總線構(gòu)成，CPU單元還包括外圍芯片、總線接口及有關(guān)電路。內(nèi)存主要用于存儲(chǔ)程序及數(shù)據(jù)，是PLC不可缺少的組成單元。
在使用者看來(lái)，不必要詳細(xì)分析CPU的內(nèi)部電路，但對(duì)各部分的工作機(jī)制還是應(yīng)有足夠的理解。CPU的控制器控制CPU工作，由它讀取指令、解釋指令及執(zhí)行指令。但工作節(jié)奏由震蕩信號(hào)控制。運(yùn)算器用于進(jìn)行數(shù)字或邏輯運(yùn)算，在控制器指揮下工作。寄存器參與運(yùn)算，并存儲(chǔ)運(yùn)算的中間結(jié)果，它也是在控制器指揮下工作。
CPU速度和內(nèi)存容量是PLC的重要參數(shù)，它們決定著PLC的工作速度，IO數(shù)量及軟件容量等，因此限制著控制規(guī)模。
依靠先進(jìn)的工業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)可以迅速有效地收集、傳送生產(chǎn)和管理數(shù)據(jù)。因此，網(wǎng)絡(luò)在自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)集成工程中的重要性越來(lái)越顯著，甚至有人提出"網(wǎng)絡(luò)就是控制器"的觀點(diǎn)說(shuō)法。
PLC具有通信聯(lián)網(wǎng)的功能，它使PLC與PLC 之間、PLC與上位計(jì)算機(jī)以及其他智能設(shè)備之間能夠交換信息，形成一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的整體，實(shí)現(xiàn)分散集中控制。多數(shù)PLC具有RS-232接口，還有一些內(nèi)置有支持各自通信協(xié)議的接口。PLC的通信現(xiàn)在主要采用通過(guò)多點(diǎn)接口（MPI）的數(shù)據(jù)通訊、PROFIBUS 或工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)進(jìn)行聯(lián)網(wǎng)。
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