針對(duì)塑膠材料的UL認(rèn)證,大家首先想到的應(yīng)該是材料的UL 94阻燃認(rèn)證,了解UL認(rèn)證的客戶都知道,所有經(jīng)過UL認(rèn)證的塑膠材料,除了做阻燃測(cè)試,UL還會(huì)給該款材料設(shè)定一個(gè)身份認(rèn)證,這就是我們通常所說的成份分析測(cè)試。
1.塑膠材料密碼的意義
塑膠材料是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的混合體系,除了基體樹脂以外,為了使塑膠材料達(dá)到相應(yīng)的性能,還會(huì)添加大量的助劑,比如阻燃劑、增塑劑、潤(rùn)滑劑、抗氧化劑和無機(jī)填料等等,基體樹脂和這些助劑構(gòu)成了塑膠材料的配方體系,添加助劑可以提高塑膠材料的相關(guān)性能,但是如果助劑發(fā)生了變化也會(huì)影響到性能。
塑膠材料在進(jìn)行UL認(rèn)證時(shí),通常對(duì)阻燃性能和一些電性能進(jìn)行測(cè)試,其他很多性能會(huì)和后端產(chǎn)品一起進(jìn)行測(cè)試。塑膠材料抽樣測(cè)試時(shí),除了阻燃性能外,其他性能都是通過驗(yàn)證配方來保證一致性的。只有配方穩(wěn)定了,性能才能保持一致。
每個(gè)塑膠材料在進(jìn)行UL認(rèn)證的時(shí)候,性能測(cè)試的同時(shí),也會(huì)進(jìn)行紅外光譜分析(FTIR)、熱失重分析(TGA)、差示掃描量熱法(DSC),建立參考圖譜(Reference data)這三個(gè)圖譜就是每個(gè)認(rèn)證塑膠材料的密碼,將會(huì)永久地存放于UL的數(shù)據(jù)庫中。
2.UL關(guān)于成份比對(duì)的判定
當(dāng)塑膠材料獲得UL認(rèn)證后,每年UL會(huì)進(jìn)行抽樣檢測(cè),檢測(cè)的內(nèi)容一般包含阻燃測(cè)試和成份比對(duì)。從目前中國的數(shù)據(jù)來看,大概20%客戶會(huì)因?yàn)閳D譜比對(duì)不符而被判定為疑似產(chǎn)品配方發(fā)生變化,UL關(guān)于成份比對(duì)的判定是參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)UL 746A的附錄A,B,C(Appendix A,B,C)。
1. 根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)UL 746A中Appendix A3.1,A3.4和A3.5的內(nèi)容,紅外光譜FTIR比對(duì)符合判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:
2.根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定,解釋如下:
與參考圖譜相比,不能出現(xiàn)多一個(gè)或者多個(gè)的透射峰;
與參考圖譜相比,不能少一個(gè)或者多個(gè)透射峰;
與參考圖譜相比,峰的形狀要一樣。
其中A3.5指出:對(duì)于已知物質(zhì),峰的強(qiáng)度不小于51250px-1到48750px-1之間噪音的三倍,對(duì)于未知物質(zhì),峰的強(qiáng)度不小于0.3%都會(huì)被認(rèn)為是透射峰存在。
如圖所示,根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)UL 746A中Appendix A的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),抽樣圖譜與留存的參考圖譜相比,少了~3296,~2849,~40900px-1的峰,因此判定為比對(duì)不符。結(jié)合材料的材質(zhì)特點(diǎn)再通過分析,得到結(jié)論是與參考樣本相比少了潤(rùn)滑劑EBS,請(qǐng)見圖。
3. 根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)UL 746A中 Appendix B2~B6的內(nèi)容,熱失重分析TGA比對(duì)判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:
根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定,解釋如下:
降解數(shù)量要和參考圖譜一樣;
與參考圖譜相比,每段降解失重差異不超過8%;
與參考圖譜相比,最后殘重差異不超過8%;
與參考圖譜相比,起始降解溫度和終止降解溫度差異不超過25oC;
與參考圖譜相比,TGA熱失重曲線形狀要一樣。
如圖所示,根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)UL 746A中Appendix B2~B6的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),抽樣樣品和參考樣品相比,降解數(shù)目是一樣的,分為兩段降解,每段降解的失重和最后的殘重差異都小于8%,降解曲線的形狀也一樣,但還是可以很明顯看出起始降解溫度有差異(Onset Temperature),抽樣樣品的起始降解溫度比參考樣品高了~25oC,超過了25oC的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定,判定為不符,結(jié)合紅外光譜的分析結(jié)果,推斷可能的原因是參考樣品中多了EBS的潤(rùn)滑劑,導(dǎo)致參考樣品降解提前,但具體原因還是需要進(jìn)一步溝通。
4. 根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)UL 746A中 Appendix C2和C3,差示掃描量熱法DSC比對(duì)判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:
根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定,解釋如下:
與參考樣品相比,熱轉(zhuǎn)變行為數(shù)目要一樣,熱轉(zhuǎn)變行為包含熔融,玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變,結(jié)晶和固化;
與參考樣品相比,相同的吸熱熱轉(zhuǎn)變行為(熔融和玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變),溫度差異不超過5oC,對(duì)于結(jié)晶和固化放熱熱轉(zhuǎn)變行為,如果參考樣DSC曲線上存在,抽樣樣品也需要同樣存在一樣的放熱熱轉(zhuǎn)變行為。
如圖所示,根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)UL 746A中Appendix C2和C3的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),參考樣品和抽樣樣品都只有一個(gè)熱轉(zhuǎn)變行為-玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變,但是抽樣樣品的玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變溫度高出~7.6oC,超出了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定5oC的范圍,判定為不符,根據(jù)以上FTIR和TGA結(jié)果,綜合分析下來,導(dǎo)致DSC不符的可能原因是參考樣品中添加了EBS潤(rùn)滑劑,導(dǎo)致玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變溫度的降低。
可以說標(biāo)準(zhǔn)UL 746A對(duì)成份的管控還是很嚴(yán)格的,為了避免年度抽樣圖譜比對(duì)不符的發(fā)生,客戶在材料獲得認(rèn)證后,請(qǐng)不要隨意更換原材料的供應(yīng)商和更改材料各成分比例,并且盡可能保持工藝上的一致性。熱塑性材料成型工藝的變動(dòng),熱固性材料固化條件的變更都有可能導(dǎo)致圖譜比對(duì)不符的發(fā)生。當(dāng)發(fā)生不符合時(shí),UL會(huì)發(fā)送一份不符合信,客戶收到不符合信后請(qǐng)盡快聯(lián)系UL工程師并商討解決方案。
綜上所示,塑膠材料的密碼也就是配方的密碼,保證該密碼的一致性可以保證UL認(rèn)可材料在后端使用中保持和原始認(rèn)證一致的性能,所以UL塑膠材料的認(rèn)證并不僅僅是阻燃性能、電性能和機(jī)械性能的認(rèn)證,同時(shí)是對(duì)配方和工藝的控制。
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UL 94 是應(yīng)用最廣泛的塑料材料阻燃性能評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共有 12 種等級(jí):HB、V-0、V-1、V-2、5VA、5VB、VTM-0、VTM-1、VTM-2、HBF、HF-1、HF-2。
UL 94 用來評(píng)價(jià)材料在被點(diǎn)燃后火焰熄滅的能力。根據(jù)燃燒速度、燃燒時(shí)間、抗滴落能力以及滴落物是否燃燒等有多種評(píng)判方法。每種被測(cè)材料根據(jù)顏色或厚度都可以得到許多值。當(dāng)選定某個(gè)產(chǎn)品的材料時(shí),其 UL 等級(jí)應(yīng)滿足塑料零件壁部分的厚度要求。UL 等級(jí)必須與厚度值一起報(bào)告。
1 Scope
1.1 These requirements cover tests for flammability of polymeric materials used for parts in devices and appliances. They are intended to serve as a preliminary indication of their acceptability with respect to flammability for a particular application.
1.2 The methods described in this Standard involve standard size specimens and are intended to be used solely to measure and describe the flammability properties of materials, used in devices and appliances, in response to a small open flame or radiant heat source under controlled laboratory conditions.
1.3 The tests in the Standard for Tests for Flammability of Small Polymeric Component Materials should be used to evaluate small components which contain materials that can not be fabricated into standardized specimens in the minimum use thickness and subjected to applicable preselection tests in UL 94. Test procedures in UL 1694 are applicable to small components with an overall volume of less than 2500 mm3 (0.15 in3). UL 1694 is generally not applicable to small components with an overall volume greater than 2500 mm3 (0.15 in3).
1.4 The final acceptance of the material is dependent upon its use in complete equipment that conforms with the standards applicable to such equipment. The flammability classification required of a material is dependent upon the equipment or device involved and the particular use of the material. The performance level of a material determined by these methods shall not be assumed to correlate with its performance in end-use application. The actual response to heat and flame of materials depends upon the size and bbbb, and also on the end-use of the product using the material. Assessment of other important characteristics in the end-use application includes, but is not limited to, factors such as ease of ignition, burning rate, flame spread, fuel contribution, intensity of burning, and products of combustion.
1.5 If found to be appropriate, the requirements are applied to other nonmetallic materials.
1.6 These tests, with the exception of the Radiant Panel Test in Section 10, are not applicable to the evaluation of parts where the thickness exceeds 13.0 mm or where the surface area exceeds 1 m2. These requirements do not cover polymeric materials when used for building construction, finishing, or contents such as wall and floor coverings, furnishings, decorative objects and so forth. In addition, the fire resistance (in terms of an hourly rating), flame spread, smoke characterization, and heat release rate is not evaluated. Other fire tests exist and shall be used to evaluate the flammability of materials in the intended end-use-product configuration.
代理范圍:
(一)水平燃燒測(cè)試,94HB,并指導(dǎo)前期打樣送測(cè);
(二)垂直燃燒測(cè)試,94V-2,94V-1,94V-0,并指導(dǎo)前期打樣送測(cè);
電子線UL758認(rèn)證,燈具UL認(rèn)證,電線電纜UL認(rèn)證,QMMY2 UL746D注塑件認(rèn)證,UL969 PGDQ2標(biāo)簽認(rèn)證,連接器UL認(rèn)證,燈飾CCC認(rèn)證,線路板組裝VZQC2認(rèn)證,UL969 PGAA標(biāo)簽認(rèn)證,UL588圣誕產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證,軟線UL62認(rèn)證代理,PCBA線路板組裝ZPVI2認(rèn)證,電容UL認(rèn)證,開關(guān)UL認(rèn)證,網(wǎng)絡(luò)線UL444認(rèn)證,鋰電池、鎳錳電池UL認(rèn)證,水晶頭UL1863認(rèn)證,導(dǎo)電泡棉UL認(rèn)證,光伏電纜UL認(rèn)證,UL817插頭認(rèn)證,ECBT2 UL1997連接器認(rèn)證,熱縮套管UL認(rèn)證,功率線UL13認(rèn)證,UL507直流交流風(fēng)扇認(rèn)證,UL最新RSCS環(huán)保認(rèn)證,阻燃套管UL認(rèn)證,火災(zāi)報(bào)警線UL1424認(rèn)證,UL2089車載充電器認(rèn)證,UL1059端子臺(tái)認(rèn)證,塑膠電鍍處理UL認(rèn)證,光纖UL1651認(rèn)證,UL355卷線器認(rèn)證,UL486接線端子認(rèn)證,UL486接線端子認(rèn)證 塑膠料QMFZ2認(rèn)證,UL764線束認(rèn)證,UL310快接端子認(rèn)證,UL1446絕緣系統(tǒng)認(rèn)證,開關(guān)VDE認(rèn)證,各國電線電纜認(rèn)證,各國插頭認(rèn)證
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